There is a phenomenological and a conceptual structure of physics, which are mutually dependent on each other. This results into regional disciplines of physics, where physics at large scale decouples from the physics at a smaller scale accompanied by different degrees of freedom and different dynamics.

In classical mechanics, there are 3 basis units of measurement (distance D, time T, mass M), and all others can be expressed through them. Thus, in classical mechanics we deal with three scales. In nonrelativistic quantum theory and in classical relativity there remains only two of them, as in the first case we can express M through T and D using the Planck constant, and in the second T can be expressed via D using the speed of light. Thus, in relativistic quantum theory we only have one scale – the scale of distances. Equivalently, we can use the inverse scale – the scale of momenta. Thus we have:   SMALL distances, times = LARGE momenta, energies, masses“, (DeP) p. 554.

In statistical thermodynamics there is only one problem: to determine the distribution of an assembly of  identical systems over the possible states in which this assembly can find itself, given that the energy of the assembly is a constant. The idea is that there is weak interaction between them, so weak that one can speak of the „private“ energy of every one of them and that the sum of their „private“ energies has to be equal E. The distinguished role of the energy is, therefore, simply that it is a constant of the motion – the one that always exists, and, in general, the only one, (ScE) pp. 1-2.

All in all, there are many indications that electrons, including their strange spin behavior, are described more simple by S(3), which is isomorphic to SU(2 . In any case, despite the elegant representation Dirac had developed, it cannot be claimed that this sheds light on the reason for the existence of spin, (UnA2) p. 183.

Dirac‘s theory of radiation is based on a very simple idea; instead of considering an atom and the radiation field with which it interacts as two distinct systems, he treats them as a single system whose energy is the sum of three terms: one representing the energy of the atom, a second representating the electromagnetic energy of the radiation field, and a small term representing the coupling energy of the atom and the radiation field, (FeE).

The classical Yang-Mills theory is the generalization of the Maxwell theory of electromagnetism where the chromo-electromagnetic field itself carries charges. As a classical field theory it has solutions which travel at the speed of light so that its quantum version should describe massless particles (gluons). However, the postulated phenomenon of color confinement permits only bound states of gluons, forming massive particles. This is the mass gap.

The Special Relativity Theory (SRT) is about the gravitational dynamics in the universe, where each of the affected single „elementary particle“ is modelled as an element of the Minkowski space-time continuum; mathematically speaking, this is a Banach space equipped with an indefinite inner product.

General Relativity Theory (GRT) is the discovery that space-time and the gravitational field are the same entity. What we call „space-time“ is itself a physical object, in many respects similar to the electromagnetic field. We can say that GR is the discovery that there is no spacetime at all. What Newton called „space“, and Minkowski called „space-time“, is unmasked: it is nothing but a dynamic object – the gravitational field – in a regime in which we neglect its dynamics. …., the universe is not made up of fields on space-time; it is made up of fields on fields, (RoC).


The principle of transfer causality

The common denominator of all dynamic models in physics is "the principle of transfer causality". In SMEP this leads to the concept of two types of quantum elements, the fermions (mass) and the bosons (transfer). In SRT & GRT this principle is related to the indefinite Minkowski space metric and the principle that „the boundary of the boundary of a manifold is zero", (BrK10) p. 15, (CiI) p. 49.


Related quotes

Quote from M. Planck: „Immerhin erhellt aus der geschilderten Sachlage wohl hinreichend deutlich die überaus hohe Bedeutung, welche die Durchführung einer sorgfältigen und grundsatzlichen Trennung der beiden besprochenen Arten von Gesetzmaßigkeit: der dynamischen, streng kausalen, und der lediglich statistischen, für das Verständnis des eigentlichen Wesens jeglicher naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis besitzt; es sei mir daher gestattet, diesem Gegenstande und diesem Gegensatze heute einige Ausführungen zu widmen“, (PlM) S. 90.

Quote from A. Einstein: "Recapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physcial quantities, in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether. According to the general theory of relativity without ether is unthinkable;  for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense. But this ether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable media, as consisting of parts which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it", (EiA).

Quote from J. A. Wheeler et al.: „According to an idea of extreme simplicity of the laws at the foundations of physics, what one of us has called „the principle of austerity“ or „laws without law at the basis of physics“ in geometrodynamics it is possible to derive the dynamical equations for matter and fields from an extremely simple but central identity of algebraic topology: the principle that the boundary of the boundary of a manifold is zero“, (CiI) p. 49.

Quote from C. W. Weizäcker: „Das Seiende der Physik ist, so scheint es, die Materie“, (WeC) S. 344

Quotes from D. Bohm: „It is important to emphasize that mathematics and physics are not being regarded here as separate but mutually related structures (so that, for example, one could be said to apply mathematics to physics as paint is applied to wood). Rather, it is being suggested that mathematics and physics are two be considered as aspects of a single undivided whole“, (BoD) p. 199.

„We begin with the mathematical description of explicate order. Now, explicate orders arises primarily as a certain aspect of sense perception and of experience with the content of such sense perception. It may be added that, in physics, explicate order generally reveals itself in the sensible observable results of functioning of an instrument.      What is common to the functioning of instruments generally used in physical research is that the sensible perceptible content is ultimately describable in terms of a Euclidian system of order and measure, i.e., one that can adequately be understood in terms of ordinary Euclidian geometry. We shall therefore begin with a discussion of Euclidian systems of order and measure", (BoD) p. 200.

„We now discuss the mathematical description of implicate order. Implicate order is generally to be described not in terms of simple geometric transformations, such as translations, rotations, and dilations, but rather in terms of a different kind of operation. In the interests of clarity, we shall therefore reserve the word transformation to describe a simple geometric change within a given explicate order. What happens in the broader context of implicate order we shall call a metamorphosis“, BoD) p. 202.

The next step is to discuss the mathematization of the language for the description of implicate order. …This approach is indeed used in a great deal of modern mathematics, especially in number rheory. Thus, one can start with what are called undefinable symbols. The meaning of such a symbol is never directly relevant. Rather, only relationships and operations in which these symbols take part are relevant,“ (BoD) p. 202.

Quote from B. Russell: „Hume had proved that the law of causality is not analytic, and had inferred that we could not be certain of its truth. Kant accepted the view that it is synthetic, but nevertheless maintained that it is known a priori. He maintained that arithmetic and geometry are synthetic, but likewise a priori. He thus led to formulate his problem in these terms:     How are synthetic judgements a priori possible?     The answer to this question, with its consequences, constitutes the main theme of The Critique of Pure Reason“, (RuB) p. 680.

Quotes from A. N. Whitehead: „It cannot be too clearly understood that some chief motions of European thought were framed under the influence of a missapprehension, only partially corrected by the scientific progress of the last century. This mistake consists in the confusion of mere potentiality with actuality. Continuity concerns what is potential; whereas actuality is incurably atomic“, (WhA) p. 61.

„This account of „presentational immediacy“ presupposes two metaphysical assumptions:

(i) That the actual world, in so far as it is a community of entities which are settled, actual, and already become, condititions and limits the potentiality for creativeness beyond itself, (WhA) p. 65.

(ii) The second metaphysical assumption is that the real potentialities relative to all standpoints are coordinated as diverse determinations of one extensive continuum. This extensive continuum is one relational complex in which all potential objectivations find their niche. It underlies the whole world, past, present, and future“, (WhA) p. 66.

References

(BoD) Bohm D., Wholeness and the Implicate Order, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1980

(CiI) Ciufolini I., Wheeler J. A., Gravitation and Inertia, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1995

(EiA) Einstein A., Ether and the theory of relativity, An Address delivered on May 5th, 1920, in the University of Leyden

(PlM) Planck M., Dynamische und Statistische Gesetzmässigkeit, In: Roos, H., Hermann, A. (eds) Vorträge Reden Erinnerungen, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, (2001) 87-102

(RuB) Russell B., History of western philosophy, Routledge, London, 1995

(WeC) Weizsäcker C. F., Die Einheit der Natur, Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 1971

(WhA) Whitehead A. N., Process and Reality, An Essay In Cosmology, The Free Press, New York, 1985