- living matter entities

     - biological vitalism

     - the 4D-Minkowski space-time world

     - a missing field theory of light

In a "living organism" there is a permanent source of required energy driving a metabolic cycle, while releasing a lower level of energy. Physically speaking, this is an energetical self-producing, self-organizing, dissipative non-equilibrium system. A dissipative non-equilibrium system means that there is an energetical system with a permanent potential difference until the "death" of the "living organism" system. Linking the energetical systems of the proposed dynamic quanta scheme with organic atoms/ions/molecules additionally require the definition of properly composed biochemical „entities“ like water, oxygen, and appropriate (bio-) chemical compositions, (CaJ), (DaV2), (SoK).

A proof of the Courant conjecture would show that the four-dimensional physical space-time world of classical physics enjoys essential distinction, (CoR) p. 764.

Goethe discovered the complementary spectra of the prisma colors (resulting in his theory of colors and light), which is not in scope of Newton's concept of rays of light built from the indivisible prism baseline colors, (BöG1), (HüA), (MüO), (NuI). 


1. Liquid metallic hydrogen as a solar building block

(RoP): Abstract: Our Sun has confronted humanity with overwhelming evidence that it is comprised of condensed matter. Dismissing this reality, the standard solar models continue to be anchored on the gaseous plasma. In large measure, the endurance of these theories can be attributed to 1) the mathematical elegance of the  for the gaseous state, 2) the apparent success of the mass-luminosity relationship, and 3) the long-lasting influence of leading proponents of these models. Unfortunately, no direct physical finding supports the notion that the solar body is gaseous. Without exception, all observations are most easily explained by recognizing that the Sun is primarily comprised of condensed matter. However, when a physical characteristic points to condensed matter, a postori arguments are invoked to account for the behavior using the gaseous state. In isolation, many of these treatments appear plausible. As a result, the gaseous models continue to be accepted. There seems to be an overarching belief in solar science that the problems with the gaseous models are few and inconsequential. In reality, they are numerous and, while often subtle, they are sometimes daunting. The gaseous equations of state have introduced far more dilemmas than they have solved. Many of the conclusions derived from these approaches are likely to have led solar physics down unproductive avenues, as deductions have been accepted which bear little or no relationship to the actual nature of the Sun. It could be argued that, for more than 100 years, the gaseous models have prevented mankind from making real progress relative to understanding the Sun and the universe. Hence, the Sun is now placed on trial. Forty lines of evidence will be presented that the solar body is comprised of, and surrounded by, condensed matter. These ‘proofs’ can be divided into seven broad categories: 1) Planckian, 2) spectroscopic, 3) structural, 4) dynamic, 5) helioseismic, 6) elemental, and 7) earthly. Collectively, these lines of evidence provide a systematic challenge to the gaseous models of the Sun and expose the many hurdles faced by modern approaches. Observational astronomy and laboratory physics have remained unable to properly justify claims that the solar body must be gaseous. At the same time, clear signs of condensed matter interspersed with gaseous plasma in the chromosphere and corona have been regrettably dismissed. As such, it is hoped that this exposition will serve as an invitation to consider condensed matter, especially metallic hydrogen, when pondering the phase of the Sun.


2. Blackbody radiation, the loss of universality, and the carbon particle

(RoP1): Abstract: Through the reevaluation of Kirchhoff’s law (Robitaille P. M. L. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 2003, v. 31(6), 1263–1267), Planck’s blackbody equation (Planck M. Ann. der Physik, 1901, v. 4, 553–356) loses its universal significance and becomes restricted to perfect absorbers. Consequently, the proper application of Planck’s radiation law involves the study of solid opaque objects, typically made from graphite, soot, and carbon black. The extension of this equation to other materials may yield apparent temperatures, which do not have any physical meaning relative to the usual temperature scales. Real temperatures are exclusively obtained from objects which are known solids, or which are enclosed within, or in equilibrium with, a perfect absorber. For this reason, the currently accepted temperature of the microwave background must be viewed as an apparent temperature. Rectifying this situation, while respecting real temperatures, involves a reexamination of Boltzman’s constant. In so doing, the latter is deprived of its universal nature and, in fact, acts as a temperature dependent variable. In its revised form, Planck’s equation becomes temperature insensitive near 300 K, when applied to the microwave background.   (RoP3): …graphite and carbon black continue to play a central role in the construction of blackbody cavities. The advent of universality is reviewed through the writings of Pierre Prévost, Pierre Louis Dulong, Alexis Thérèse Petit, Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, Siméon Denis Poisson, Frédérick Hervé de la Provostaye, Paul Quentin Desain, Balfour Stewart, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, and Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck. These writings illustrate that blackbody radiation, as experimentally produced in cavities and as discussed theoretically, has remained dependent on thermal equilibrium with at least the smallest carbon particle.


3. Water, hydrogen bonding, and the microwave background   

Abstract: In this work, the properties of the water are briefly revisited. Though liquid water has a fleeting structure, it displays an astonishingly stable network of hydrogen bonds. Thus, even as a liquid, water possesses a local lattice with short range order. The presence of hydroxyl () and hydrogen () bonds within water, indicate that it can simultaneously maintain two separate energy systems. These can be viewed as two very different temperatures. The analysis presented uses results from vibrational spectroscopy, extracting the force constant for the hydrogen bonded dimer. By idealizing this species as a simple diatomic structure, it is shown that hydrogen bonds within water should be able to produce thermal spectra in the far infrared and microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. This simple analysis reveals that the oceans have a physical mechanism at their disposal, which is capable of generating the microwave background, (RoP2).       


4. Free origin of atmospheric oxygen from photolysis of water molecules by cosmic irradiation

Critical review on the origin of atmospheric oxygen: Where is organic matter?

Abstract: In a short note of 1998 Davankov questioned the generally accepted notion that the unique features of the planet Earth, namely, the presence of life and atmospheric oxygen are inseparably bonded as a case and effect. Indeed, photosynthesis in terrestrial and aquatic phototrophs simultaneously produces oxygen and carbohydrates in almost equal amounts. Since the degradation of organic matter through burning or rotting also consumes an equivalent amount of oxygen, the total masses of oxygen and organic material must always remain comparable. This correlation for Earth appears to be drastically distorted in favor of oxygen, thus disproving the still widespread delusion of biogenic origin of atmospheric oxygen. Instead, by analyzing more recent data on the balance between oxygen and organics we arrive at the conclusion that radiolysis of water vapors with the preferential dissipation of hydrogen to space, most probably, was the major source of the free and oxidation-spent oxygen. The present review tries to illuminate the most important uncertainties that still remain to be clarified before an interdisciplinary and scientifically-balanced picture on the evolution of Earth gets settled,  (DaV).

The Riddle of Atmospheric Oxygen: Photosynthesis or Photolysis?

Abstract: The stoichiometry of the photosynthetic reaction requires that the quantities of the end products (organic biomaterial and free oxygen) be equal. However, the correct balance of the amounts of oxygen and organic matter that could have been produced by green plants on the land and in the ocean since the emergence of unique oxygenic photosynthetic systems (no more than 2.7 billion years ago) is virtually impossible, since the vast majority of oxygen was lost in oxidizing the initially reducing matter of the planet, and the bulk of organic carbon is scattered in sedimentary rocks. In recent decades, convincing information has been obtained in favor of the large-scale photolysis of water molecules in the upper atmosphere with the scattering of light hydrogen into space and the retention of heavier oxygen by gravity. This process has been operating continuously since the formation of the Earth. It is accompanied by huge losses of water and the oxidation of salts of ferrous iron and sulfide sulfur in the oceans and methane in the atmosphere. The main stages of the evolution of the atmosphere and surface layers of the Earth’s crust are analyzed for the first time in this work by considering the parallel processes of photosynthesis and photolysis. Large-scale photolysis of water also provides consistent explanations for the main stages in the evolution of the nearest planets of our Solar System, (DaV1).


5. Homochiral living matter entities and an asymmetric dissipative autocatalysis energy process (CaJ), (DaV2), (SoK)    

Chance and Necessarity in the Evolution of Matter to Life: A Comprehensive Hypothesis   

Abstract: Specialists in several branches of life sciences are trying to solve, piece by piece, the immensely complex puzzle of the origin of life. Some parts of the puzzle seem to appear with a rather high degree of clarity, while others remain totally obscure. We cannot be sure that life emerged only on our Earth, but we believe that the presence of large amounts of water in its liquid state is absolutely essential for the emergence and evolution of living matter. We can also assume that the latter exploits everywhere the same light elements, mainly C, H, O, N, S, and P, and somehow manipulates the same simple monomeric and polymeric organic compounds, such as alpha-amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic bases, and surface-active carboxylic acids. The author contributes to the field by stating that all fundamental particles of our matter are “homochiral” and predominantly produce in an absolute asymmetric synthesis amino acids of L-configuration and carbohydrates of D-series. Another important point is that free atmospheric oxygen mainly stems from the photolysis of water molecules by cosmic irradiation and is not necessarily bound to living organisms on the planet, (DaV2).   

1.        What is Life? 
2.        Water – Essential Prerequisite of Life 
3.        Chemical composition of Living Matter 
4.        Prebiotic Organic Chemistry on Earth 
5.        Origin of Biological Homochirality 
6.        Life and Oxygen in the Atmosphere 
7.        Concluding Remarks

- When considering life on our Earth as a logical result of a long and complicated evolution process of the matter accumulated by the planet, rather than a unique divine phenomenon in the Universe, it is advisable to try formulating basic regularities of the evolution and incidents on its pathway, according to our current knowledge and imagination. Let us present these ideas in a short summary. 

- Because of the invariant chirality of weak interactions, all primary particles compose a homochiral pool of building elements for the construction of atoms and molecules. In contrast, all leptons (photons and muons) exist as a racemic form of energy quanta. 

- Plasma reactors resulting from the super-high-velocity collisions of cosmic bodies generate mixtures of organic compounds, whose amount and composition are determined by the occasional content of the plasma torch-involved material.

- All organic compounds synthesized in a plasma torch acquire preferred configurations that correspond to the invariant chirality of fundamental weak interactions; the forms dominating everywhere are L-amino acids and D-carbohydrates.

- The mechanisms further enhancing the extent of homochirality in the complex mixture of organic compounds remain unclear.

- The presence of large amounts of water in its liquid state on any planet is the essential prerequisite for life to emerge, since water is the only unique natural solvent compatible with both polar organic compounds and mineral electrolytes.

 - Any living matter must be based on the abundant light elements C, H, O, N, S, and P, for the reason that they are able to interact with each other and form chains; many other elements are also needed, though in small numbers. 

- Life most likely emerged in a small aqueous pool that received, from time to time, additional portions of the globally produced from and distributed in the ocean; the pool frequently evaporated, which resulted in concentrating the primordial soup and enhancing contacts of the compounds with solid minerals. 

- The organic compounds most useful and available in numerous variants are alphaamino acids, nucleic bases, carbohydrates, and, carbonic acids, since they are prone to form polymeric chains or large associates. The selection of particular compounds and polymers for composing the first self-reproducing scaffolded protocell is a matter of pure chance and remains a complete black box of early evolution. 

- Water vapors are constantly subjected to photolysis by cosmic irradiation, followed by hydrogen escaping to space and oxygen largely retained within the planet; under certain conditions, oxygen may form, an oxygenating the atmosphere, but this is not a clear indication of the existence of living organisms on the planet.


6. Molecular "Vitalism", (KiM)

The limitations of Machine Analogies in Biology

Biological systems look even less like machines when one considers spatial organization. They can generate order from disorder and can arrive at functional states and responses over a range of starting points, sizes of components, and sizes of final products. As an example, consider the relationship between cell size and the size of the organism.

Self-Assembly and Self-Organization

The basis of our understanding of supramolecular structure has been the doctrine of self-assembly is an extension of the central dogma of molecular biology, bringing us from the realm of linear information to the realm of protein assemblies (Caspar and Klug, 1962; Oosawa and Asakura, 1975; Inoue, 1982). It is exemplified by a virus particle, which generates a single highly ordered (to atomic dimensions) structure that is „uniquely determined by size, number of components, geometry, and strength of interaction“ (Gerhart and Kirschner, 1997). Typically systems of self-assembly reach equilibrium, a state of minimum free energy. Today a postgenomic view of self-assembly would extend this concept to a description of how each gene product functionally interacts with other gene produts. These pair-wise interactions can be used to describe protein complexes and pathways of interaction. They could form the basis of our future understanding of higher level organization and information transfer in biological systems (Frederickson, 1998). Self-organization is an extension of self-assembly, but employing several new chemical principles (Kirschner and Mitchison, 1986). In contrast to self-assembly, self-organization gives „structures under a wider set of condition; the rules tend to be more general and the structures more variable“ (Gerhart and Kirschner, 1997). Self-organizing systems are characterized by reaching a steady state, where there is continuous energy consumption and gain and loss of material. In discussing examples of self-organization, we will focus on two of the most archetypal and unusual bilogical properties: (1) the capacity for unitary organization, also called polarization; and (2) the capacity to generate nearly regular biological structure when size and composition of components are altered, also called regulation. These properties are not what we would expect from mechanical processes, and no machines of human design evince such properties. They are a manifestation of complex yet robust chemical processes, some of which we are beginning to understand, some of which seem as remote as Fankauser’s ploidy experiments.

From Protein Assembly to Developmental Biology: Stentor

So far we have discussed examples of self-organization within a single cell that are not very far removed from self-assembly. How complex can self-organization be in a single cell? About a billion years ago, after the basic attributes of eukaryotes had emerged, one branch of the eukarya invented muliticellularity and became the metazoa. But the unicellular organisms did not stop evolving, and today we can see among them examples of remarkably complex spatial organization. Unicellular organisms often assemble the equivalent of multiple different, specialized organs arranged in a specific body plan. Development phenomena resembling spatial gradients and induction have been observed in such organisms. Impressive examples of self-independent patterning and recovery from drastic permutation attest to robust, self-organizing mechanisms for spatial patterning. To bridge between protein assemblies and metazoan embryronic developmental systems, we will consider what is known of self-organization mechanisms in a large ciliate, Stentor coerulus.

Stentor is a very large (up to 1 mm), trumpet-shaped, ciliated protozoan that lives in water with its pointed end (foot) typically attached to a substrate. It feeds by sweeping smaller organisms into a gullet through the action of rows of fused cillia in the oral apparatus at its broad end. ...


7. The Warburg effect and cancer as a mitochondrial metabolism disease (RoJ), (SeT), (SeT1)   

(RoJ) p. 54: Essentially the Warburg Effect in one sentence is damaged mitochondrial respiration and there's compensatory fermentation. So the basic energy processes that allow a cell to maintain its bioenergetic potential would be oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondria is making about 88 to 90% of the ATP, the energy currency in the cell. In neurons and heart and skeletal muscle, too. ... The nucleus has very robust DNA repair mechanism. The mitochondria does not have as robust DNA repair mechanisms. So if a cell is bombarded with things like radiation or carcinogenic agents, the capacity for the mitochondria to repair itself is not as high, is not as robust as the nucleus's ability to repair DNA.

(RoJ) p. 14:

1. Cancer arises from damage to cellular respiration
2. Energy through fermentation gradually compensates for insufficient respiration
3. Cancer cells continue to ferment lactate in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect)
4. Enhanced fermentation is the signature metabolic malady of all cancer cells 
(as the cells are fermenting not only lactic acid, but also amino acids and particularly glutamine).

(SeT) p. 15: Much of the confusion surrounding the origin of cancer arises from the absence of an unifying theory that can integrate the diverse observations on the nature of the disease.   

(RoJ) p. 19: What's happening with cancer cells is: they are shifting their energy away from respiration to a fermentation metabolism, using available fermentable fuel.

(NiM): A number of cytosolic electrons just take the “emergency exit” from the cell by lactate secretion to maintain the cytosolic redox balance.

(SeT) p. 47/48/49: Homeostasis is the tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively stable conditions in their internal environments. Each cell and each organ contributes to the overall homeostasis of the organism. ... Metabolic homeostasis within cells is dependent to a large extent on the energy supply to the membrane pumps.

(SeT) p. 51/52: Besides OxPhos (oxidative phosphorylation), approximately 11% (4/36 total ATP molecules) of the total cellular energy is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation. Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the transfer of a free phosphate to ATP from a metabolic substrate to form ATP. Two major metabolic pathways can produce ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation in mammalian cells and tissues.   

(SeT) p. 73: Warburg considered oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) injury or insufficiency to be the origin of cancer. OxPhos is the final stage of cellular respiration involving multiple coupled redox reactions where the energy contained in carbon-hydrogen bonds of food molecules is captured and conserved in the terminal phosphoanhydride bond of ATP. The process specifically involves the following: (i) the flow of electrons through a chain of membrane-bound carriers, (ii) the coupling of the downhill electron flow to an uphill transport of protons across a proton-impermeable membrane, thus conserving the free energy of fuel of oxidation as a transmembrane electrochemical potential, and (iii) the synthesis of ATP from ADP+Pi throught a membrane-bound enzymatic complex linked to the transmembrane flow of the protons down their concentration gradient.


8. The Courant conjecture: Families of spherical waves are characteristic for 4D wave & radiation equations

The Courant conjecture

“Families of spherical waves for arbitrarily time-like lines exist only in the case of two and four variables, and then only if the differential equation is equivalent to the wave equation“, CoR) p. 763.

A proof of the Courant conjecture might be supported by the baseline Hilbert space of the UFT framework and some characteristics of the several energetical system layers:

1. there is a well-posed d'Alembert (wave) operator when equipped with the newly proposed distributional Hilbert space in the UFT containing all "mechanical" distributional Hilbert scales accompanied by the Minkowski space, (BrKo) p. 25

2. the variational standard domain of the elliptic mechanical potential operator, the Laplace operator, is the H(1) Hilbert space; it is governed by standard Fourier waves. The Hilbert space H(1) is compactly embedded into the Hilbert space H(1/2) of the dynamic fluid theory (DFT). Its complementary closed sub-space of H(1/2) is (only) governed by wavelets

3. there is a symmetry break down from SU(2) x SU(2) to SU(2) between the dynamic 2-component and the mechanical 1-component (Minkowski) ANT world and SU(2) is isometric to unit quaternions S(3)

4. Einstein's lost key, (LeS), (UnA1)

5. The evolution problem in general relativity is answered by Klainerman's "global nonlinear stability of the Minkowski space", (ChD), (KlS1).

Note: While the elliptic and parabolic equations are governed (resp. the domains of their related operators are given) by "polynomial decay" Hilbert spaces (i.e. Sobolev spaces), the hyperbolic differential operators show conceptually different properties, (PeB). However, the special baseline underling Hilbert space of the Krein space based framework of the proposed UFT shows identical characteristic shift theorem for all three types of PD operators, (BrK0) pp. 24-25.

Note: The Hamiltonian dynamical (energy) operator in the proposed UFT supports the Berry-Keating conjecture (which is in line with the Hilbert-Polya conjecture). The related dynamical energy Hilbert space provides the appropriate framework for well-posed wave/radiation hyperbolic PDE models. An operator is only well-defined in combination with a defined domain (!). In case of the proposed domain (the compact (closed, connected) "unit quaternions") there are no mechanical "cause-action" (initial and boundary value) conditions required. 

Note: - the S(1) and S(3) are the only spheres with a "continuous" group structure, (EbH) 7.2

- the spheres S(0), S(1), S(3), and S(7) are the only parallelizable spheres

- „Thurston‘s geometrization theorem stating that every closed connected 3-manifold can be decomposed in a canonical way into eight pieces that each have one of eight types of geometric structure. It is an anlogue of the uniformization theorem for two-dimensional surfaces, which states that every simple connected Riemann surface can be given one of the three geometries, Euclidian, spherical, or hyperbolic", Wikipedia

               

The Courant conjecture, Methods of Math. Physics, p. 763.pdf

9. Goethe‘s discovery of the complementary spectra of the prisma colors, Goethe's field theory of light, a proposed third type of force beside refraction and reflexion

(MüO) S. 10: „Goethe und Newton waren einander in optischen Angelegenheiten ebenbürtig. Sie hätten sich gegenseitig ernst nehmen müssen, jeder hätte vom anderen lernen können, und das Ergebnis ihres rationalen Gedankenaustauschs zur Optik wäre nicht auszudenken.   

Da die naturwissenschaftlich informierte Welt Newton als den rechtmäßigen Gewinner im Streit über das Licht und die Farben ansieht, steckt in meiner These eine Provokation: Nicht nur hätte Goethe von Newton viel lernen können (geschenkt, geschenkt), sondern Newton auch von Goethe – und zwar, wie gesagt, in seinem ureigensten Metier, in der Optik. Goethe hat dort eine faszinierende Symmetrie entdeckt, die Newtons Argusaugen entgangen war und die das gesamten Reich der newtonischen Experimente verdoppelt. Hier in modernen Worten eine erste grobe Fassung dessen, worauf Goethes Entdeckung hinausläuft: Man nehme die Farbfotografie eines beliebigen Experiments von Newton; dann kann man auch das Negativ dieses Fotos als Bild eines Experimentes deuten – und zwar eines Experiments, das wirklich so ausgeht, wie das Negativ zeigt. Jedes Experiment Newtons hat also ein komplementäres Gegenstück (das bei Newton und an unseren Schulen unter den Tisch fällt). Das Gegenstück entsteht aus dem ursprünglichen Experiment durch Umkehrung der Beleuchtung – durch Vertauschung der Rollen von Licht und Dunkelheit. Daher rede ich oft von einer Symmetrie zwischen Helligkeit und Finsternis. Diese Symmetrie ist bis heute nicht recht gewürdigt worden; vermutlich hat man sie noch nicht einmal richtig verstanden. Beides möchte ich mit meinem Buch ändern. Und da gutes Verständnis vor jeder Würdigung kommt, werde ich alles tun, um Ihnen Goethes Entdeckung Schritt für Schritt zu erklären. Irgendwelche besonderen Vorkenntnisse werden Sie für meinen Gedankengang nicht brauchen“.

(NuI) S. 69/70: „Für Goethe ist nicht der Grad der Ablenkung entscheidend für die Erscheinungen der Farben, den man primär der optischen Dichte zuschreibt, sondern insbesondere ein Faktor, den er die Trübe in einem durchsichtigen Medium nennt. Inwieweit dieser Faktor mit dem Begriff der optischen Dichte zusammenfällt oder sich diesem subordiniert, bleibe hier offen. Sofern die optische Dichte auch das Maß für die Abschwächung des Lichts ist, das dieses im Durchschnitt durch die Materie erfährt, könnte hier durchaus eine Verbindung angenommen werden.  

Goethe spricht hier von einer möglichen dritten und der Refraktion und Reflexion bloß verwandten Kraft, mit anderen Worten: von einem noch nicht entdeckten oder noch nicht näher eingegrenzten Wirkungsfaktor. Inwieweit sich hier Goethe den Faktor der Trübe verantwortlich denkt, bleibt jedoch ungeklärt.“   

(NuI) S. 85/86: „Bei Goethe tritt an die Stelle einer Stahlentheorie des Lichtes so etwas wie eine Feldtheorie des Lichtes. Stets ist es ein Lichtfeld oder – weiter ausgeholt – ein Lichtkörper und kein Lichtstrahl, den Goethe im Auge hat. Newton fasst das Licht im wesentlichen aus Lichtstrahlen, das heißt: aus kleinsten Teilstücken bestehend auf. Wie in der geometrischen Optik, denkt sich Newton eben das Licht aus Lichtstrahlen zusammengesetzt. In der phänomenologischen Optik Goethes spielt ein solcher Gedanke überhaupt keine Rolle. Unter einem Strahl läßt sich höchstens die (mehr oder weniger scharfe) Begrenzung eines Feldes denken, mit anderen Worten: eine Erscheinung, die sich aus der natürlichen Begrenzung eines Phänomens ergibt. Der Strahl im goetheschen Verständnis ist eine sichtbare Grenze, die auf bestimmte Art verläuft und ihren empirisch typischen Verlauf nimmt. Desgleichen ist auch die Farbe stets ein begrenztes Feld.“